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cronstable is a feature-rich job scheduler and simple workflow orchestrator for anything from a single machine to a cluster, built with efficiency, security, and stability in mind. It runs your commands on a schedule, defined in YAML or loaded from an existing crontab, and adds retries, alerts, saved run history, workflows, and dashboards for the web, the terminal, and iOS.
H (see
schedules).Install cronstable with pipx, or with
pip install cronstable inside a virtual environment. For Docker, Homebrew,
WinGet, and standalone binaries, see installation.
pipx install cronstable
Create a cronstable.yaml file with your first job:
jobs:
- name: hello
command: echo hello from cronstable
schedule: "* * * * *" # every minute
captureStdout: true
web:
listen:
- http://127.0.0.1:8080 # optional: the REST API and dashboard
Start the scheduler. It runs in the foreground:
cronstable -c cronstable.yaml
Open http://127.0.0.1:8080/ to watch the hello job's output in the
dashboard. The job runs once a minute, and schedules use UTC
unless a job sets a time zone. cronstable picks up changes to
the file within a minute, so you can add jobs without restarting it.
Four short tutorials build on this configuration:
To follow your jobs from a phone, pair the iOS app from the dashboard. To see every feature at once, start the nine-node grand tour from a clone of this repository:
docker compose -f example/grand-tour/docker-compose.yml up --build
To run an existing crontab exported with crontab -l, pass the file to -c:
cronstable -c my.crontab. A system crontab such as /etc/crontab has an
extra user column, so convert its entries to YAML (see
classic crontab files).
cronstable aims to run on as many platforms and CPU architectures as possible. Every release publishes Linux container images, standalone binaries for Linux, macOS, Windows, FreeBSD, OpenBSD, NetBSD, and illumos, packages for Linux and FreeBSD, and Windows installers. If your platform or architecture is missing, open an issue or send a pull request (see CONTRIBUTING.md).
Every release publishes multi-architecture images to the GitHub Container
Registry (ghcr.io/ptweezy/cronstable) and Docker Hub (ptweezy/cronstable).
Mount your configuration file and start the container:
docker run --rm -p 8080:8080 \
-v "$PWD/cronstable.yaml:/etc/cronstable.d/cronstable.yaml:ro" \
ghcr.io/ptweezy/cronstable:latest
Inside a container, the dashboard must listen on all interfaces, so change the
quick start's listener to http://0.0.0.0:8080. Before you expose it beyond
your machine, set an authentication token.
The default image is based on Debian slim and supports seven Linux platforms:
amd64, arm64, 386, arm/v7, ppc64le, s390x, and riscv64. It runs
as a non-root user and reads its configuration from /etc/cronstable.d. Each
release also publishes Alpine, Ubuntu, RHEL (UBI), Fedora, openSUSE, Amazon
Linux, and distroless variants, tagged with a -<distro> suffix such as
latest-alpine. Every variant also has -amd64v3 tags, such as
latest-amd64v3, for x86-64-v3 CPUs. For each
variant's platforms, see
installation in the
wiki.
In production, pin a release version instead of latest. For a hardened
Kubernetes or Docker setup, see
production container deployment.
cronstable requires Python 3.10 or later. Install it in a virtual environment:
pip install cronstable
Or let pipx create an isolated environment for you:
pipx install cronstable
Optional extras install the dependencies of specific features: push for
push notifications, discovery for
LAN discovery,
kubernetes for the official Kubernetes client library, and speedups for
uvloop, orjson, and isal. For example, run pip install "cronstable[push]". On a
system with an older Python, use a
standalone binary.
Homebrew and WinGet install prebuilt releases, so you don't need Python. On macOS or Linux, use Homebrew:
brew install ptweezy/tap/cronstable
On Windows, use WinGet:
winget install ptweezy.cronstable
Upgrade later with brew upgrade cronstable or
winget upgrade ptweezy.cronstable.
WinGet runs a signed setup program that installs the per-machine MSI. Approve
the administrator prompt, then open a new shell so that cronstable is on your
PATH. The installer registers the Windows service without starting it, and
creates a configuration directory that only SYSTEM and Administrators can
write. The service starts at the next boot and runs no jobs until you add
configuration. For catalog availability and how to switch from a portable
install, see the
WinGet installation guide.
Every release attaches self-contained binaries that embed Python, so the target
system doesn't need it. Download one from the
releases page, or use
curl:
# For an x86-64 Linux CPU with glibc. Use amd64v3 instead of amd64 on
# x86-64-v3 CPUs, and append -musl on Alpine.
curl -fsSL -o cronstable \
https://github.com/ptweezy/cronstable/releases/latest/download/cronstable-linux-amd64
chmod +x cronstable
./cronstable --version
Releases include these builds:
amd64, amd64v3, arm64, i686,
armv7, armv6, ppc64le, s390x, riscv64, and loong64, plus glibc
builds for mips64le and armelamd64, amd64v3, and arm64, signed and notarized by Appleamd64, amd64v3, arm64, and i686amd64, amd64v3, and arm64amd64 and amd64v3.deb, .rpm, Alpine .apk, and FreeBSD .pkgThe amd64, amd64v3, arm64, and s390x glibc builds need only glibc 2.17,
so they run on RHEL 7 and later. The ppc64le build needs glibc 2.28 (RHEL 8
and later). The .deb and .rpm packages also install a systemd unit and a
starter configuration in /etc/cronstable.d. They don't start the service;
run systemctl enable --now cronstable when your configuration is ready.
Windows builds come in four formats:
cronstable-windows-<arch>-setup.exe: a signed setup program for amd64,
amd64v3, and arm64 that installs the MSI. WinGet runs this setup.cronstable-windows-<arch>.exe: a single-file executable.cronstable-windows-<arch>.zip: a one-directory build that extracts to a
single cronstable folder and can host the
Windows service.cronstable-windows-<arch>.msi: a machine-wide installer that registers the
service, for deployment through Group Policy, Intune, or SCCM (see
Windows MSI).At startup, a standalone binary unpacks its embedded Python runtime into a
temporary directory, so on a read-only root filesystem it needs a small
writable, executable temporary mount. The container images, pip installs, and
the Windows .zip and .msi builds don't unpack anything at startup. For a
tmpfs or emptyDir recipe, the full asset table, and the other install
methods (ubi, mise, and Nix), see
installation in the
wiki.
Every x86-64 binary, package, and Docker image comes in two builds:
amd64v3 (recommended for compatible CPUs): uses an optimized embedded
Python runtime and requires the full x86-64-v3 feature set, as on Intel
Haswell and newer Core and Xeon CPUs, or AMD Excavator and Zen.amd64 (compatibility build): runs on any x86-64 CPU. Choose it when the
CPU or VM doesn't expose x86-64-v3, or when you're unsure.Homebrew and WinGet install the amd64 builds. For the exact feature list,
see
CPU requirements.
Web UI tour.
The daemon serves the built-in web dashboard at / on each http:// and
https:// listener. It's one self-contained page, with no build step and no
external requests, served under a strict Content Security Policy. To turn it
on, add a web listener, as in the quick start:
web:
listen:
- http://127.0.0.1:8080
The overview shows each job's status, upcoming runs, recent outcomes, and, when monitoring is on, resource usage. Open a job to follow its logs, review its run history, or inspect its schedule. You can also:
| Live logs | Workflow task graph | Fleet view |
|---|---|---|
 |  |  |
Press Ctrl-K or ⌘K for the command palette, ? for shortcuts, or Enter
to open the selected job. The dashboard has ten themes, adjustable fonts and UI
scale, color-vision-safe palettes, and reduced-motion support. It shows status
with text and symbols as well as color.
Run history and captured output stay in memory unless you enable the
durable state store,
which keeps run history across restarts. To also keep each run's captured
output, set archiveOutput: true on the job or under defaults:. For every
panel, shortcut, and setting, see the
web dashboard guide.
To try the dashboard with a varied set of demo jobs, run this command from a clone of this repository, and then open http://localhost:8080/:
docker compose up
The example gallery has larger setups, including a three-node cluster and the nine-node grand tour.
The cronstable tui command brings the dashboard to your terminal, including
over SSH and in tmux. It's a client of the same HTTP API, uses the web
dashboard's keyboard shortcuts, and has job logs, history, workflows, cluster
views, and incident tools.
cronstable tui # local daemon on port 8080
cronstable tui --url http://prod-node:8080 # remote daemon
cronstable tui --tv # open the wallboard
If the daemon requires a token, set the
CRONSTABLE_WEB_TOKEN environment variable, or name another variable with
--token-env. Use --job to open a job's details at startup, or --ascii
when your terminal font lacks the status symbols. For all options, panels, and
themes, see the
terminal dashboard guide.
The app connects directly to your servers over the LAN, Tailscale, or HTTPS, and receives encrypted push alerts. It needs no account or sign-up, has no analytics or ads, and keeps access tokens in the device Keychain.
The app includes these features:
Push notifications are optional. Without the push reporter, the app polls
your servers directly, every 1 to 300 seconds.
To connect the app to a server, follow these steps:
127.0.0.1.127.0.0.1, the Pair a device panel
shows no code.Ctrl-K or ⌘K) or in settings, select
Pair a device.push reporter.
The QR code is a deep link. If the app isn't installed, scanning it opens a page that explains how to get the app.
To let the app find the daemon without a typed address, install the
discovery extra and set web.bonjour: true. The daemon then advertises the
API as a _cronstable._tcp mDNS service on the local network, and the app
lists it under Find nearby servers (see
LAN discovery). To
explore the app before you set up a server, tap Try the demo on the welcome
screen to connect to a live sample fleet.
The app is optional. The web and terminal dashboards, the API, and every other reporter work without it.
To pair on a server that runs the API without the dashboard page
(web.ui: false), or from a shell with no browser, run cronstable pair. It
prints the same QR code in the terminal:
export CRONSTABLE_WEB_TOKEN=phone-token-value # the token the phone gets
cronstable pair # local daemon on port 8080
cronstable pair --public-url https://cron.example.net # the address the phone uses
The code contains the token that the command presents, so give the command the
phone's scoped token.
When --url is a loopback address, the command puts the host's LAN address in
the code if the daemon answers there. Pass --public-url when the phone uses
another address, such as a reverse proxy's. In the
terminal dashboard, Pair a device (QR) in the
command palette shows the same code. For the options and the terminal size the
code needs, see
pairing from the terminal.
These four short walkthroughs build on the quick start
configuration. Each example passes cronstable --validate-config: add it to
your quick start file and replace the example commands with your own. Each
tutorial links to the wiki page that covers its topic in full.
This example retries a failed job with exponential backoff, and it posts to a Slack channel only if the job still fails after its last retry:
jobs:
- name: nightly-backup
command: /usr/local/bin/backup --incremental
schedule: "0 3 * * *"
captureStderr: true # include stderr in the report
onFailure:
retry:
maximumRetries: 5
initialDelay: 5 # waits 5s, 10s, 20s, 40s, then 80s
maximumDelay: 300 # no single wait exceeds 300s
backoffMultiplier: 2
onPermanentFailure: # fires once, after the last retry fails
report:
webhook:
url:
fromEnvVar: SLACK_WEBHOOK_URL
By default, a job fails when it exits with a nonzero status or writes to a
captured stderr. To change that for a job, use
failsWhen. The webhook's default body is
Slack-compatible, and Mattermost and Teams accept it as is. Email, Sentry, and
shell command reports each take one more block. Email and Sentry reports use
Jinja2 templates over the run's name, output, and exit code, and a shell
command receives the same details as CRONSTABLE_* environment variables. For
details, see
failure detection and retries
and reporting in the
wiki.
By default, cronstable keeps no state across restarts. To handle a deploy or a
reboot in the middle of a schedule, add a state: block:
state:
path: ./cronstable-state # a local directory, or a shared mount for a fleet
jobs:
- name: hourly-invoice-emit
command: python -m billing.emit_hourly
schedule: "0 * * * *"
onMissed: run-all # replay each hour missed while the daemon was down
startingDeadlineSeconds: 21600 # skip missed runs older than 6 hours
onFailure:
retry:
maximumRetries: 10
initialDelay: 30
maximumDelay: 600
backoffMultiplier: 2
Setting state.path alone has these effects:
@reboot runs once per boot instead of once per daemon start.The onMissed setting adds catch-up. run-once combines any number of missed
runs into one launch, and run-all replays each missed run.
startingDeadlineSeconds limits how old a missed run can be. Catch-up applies
after a restart, and also when the daemon resumes after system sleep or a long
stall.
The same store gives job commands persistent storage and coordination tools
through a loopback endpoint: key-value storage, cursors, fleet-wide locks,
idempotency keys, artifacts, and run-scoped secrets. Commands use them through
the cronstable state, cursor, lock, idempotent, artifact, and
secret subcommands. For details, see
durable state.
A dags: block defines a durable workflow as a directed acyclic graph (DAG) of
tasks. This example runs a build, waits for a person to approve it, and then
publishes:
state:
path: ./cronstable-state # DAGs live on the state store
dags:
- name: release-train # no schedule: manual-only
tasks:
- id: build
command: make dist
- id: approve
type: approval # waits for approval
dependsOn:
- build
- id: publish
dependsOn:
- approve
command: make publish
retries: 2 # task-level retries, DAG-owned
retryDelaySeconds: 60
Trigger the DAG and approve the gate, or click Approve in the dashboard's DAG drawer instead:
curl -X POST http://127.0.0.1:8080/dags/release-train/trigger
# -> {"dag": "release-train", "runKey": "manual-..."}
curl -X POST http://127.0.0.1:8080/dags/release-train/runs/<runKey>/tasks/approve/decision \
-H 'Content-Type: application/json' -d '{"decision": "approve", "by": "alice"}'
The state store records workflow progress, so the daemon can resume a run after a restart. Across a fleet, a lease coordinates which node advances each run. Recovery can retry an interrupted task even if its earlier process is still running, so make task side effects safe to repeat, for example with an idempotency key.
Scheduled DAGs also support catch-up and backfill over a date range. Tasks
can pass data with cronstable xcom push and cronstable xcom pull, fan out
over a list that an upstream task produced, and poll for conditions with
type: sensor. For details, see
orchestration and DAGs.
Run the same configuration on two or more hosts that share a POSIX mount. The hosts elect a leader through a fenced lease file, without certificates or a coordination service. The mount must support locks across hosts, and every host must keep its clock synchronized with NTP:
state:
path: /mnt/shared/cronstable/state # optional: durable state shared by the fleet
cluster:
backend: filesystem
filesystem:
path: /mnt/shared/cronstable # the mount is the election store
electLeader: true # each node is named by its hostname
jobs:
- name: charge-subscriptions
command: python -m billing.charge
schedule: "0 6 * * *"
clusterPolicy: Leader # the default: only the leader runs it
Only the elected leader starts scheduled Leader jobs. If the leader stops, a
follower can take over after the lease is released or expires, provided it can
reach the shared mount. The lease coordinates which node can start jobs; it
doesn't make job side effects exactly-once. Each job's clusterPolicy sets its
behavior when leadership can't be confirmed:
Leader: skips scheduled runs.PreferLeader: allows runs when the coordination store is unreachable, so
multiple replicas can run the same job.EveryNode: runs the job on every node, for work that belongs on each node.Without a shared mount, use another backend: gossip elects a leader over
mutual TLS with no shared store, kubernetes uses a coordination.k8s.io
Lease, and etcd uses a lease-bound key. To spread job ownership across the
fleet, use the gossip backend with distribution: spread. For details, see
clustering and leader election.
Every example in
example/ is a
self-contained, annotated project that you can run from a clone of this
repository. Each Compose file is in its example's folder, except for demo,
which uses the root docker-compose.yml. The following table lists the main
examples:
cronstable reads its configuration from YAML files. Pass a file or a directory
with -c:
cronstable -c /etc/cronstable.d
From a directory, cronstable reads every *.yaml and *.yml file and every
classic crontab (*.crontab, *.cron, or a file named crontab), and skips
names that start with _ or .. Without -c, cronstable reads
/etc/cronstable.d on POSIX systems (for Windows, see Windows).
cronstable init writes a commented starter configuration to that default
location, which needs root; cronstable init DIRECTORY writes it elsewhere.
cronstable runs in the foreground and logs to stdout and stderr, so run it
under a supervisor such as systemd or a container runtime. About once a minute,
it checks the configuration for changes and applies them without a restart. To
reload immediately, send it SIGHUP. If a changed configuration is invalid,
cronstable logs the error and keeps running the previous jobs. To check a
configuration without starting the scheduler, run
cronstable --validate-config -c <path>.
Each job needs a name, a command, and a schedule. This job runs every 5
minutes:
jobs:
- name: test-01
command: echo "foobar"
shell: /bin/bash
schedule: "*/5 * * * *"
A string command runs through a shell: /bin/sh by default, or the job's
shell, which is /bin/bash in the preceding example. A list command runs
directly, without a shell, and each item becomes one argument:
jobs:
- name: test-01
command:
- echo
- foobar
schedule: "*/5 * * * *"
For every option, see the configuration reference.
A string schedule uses crontab syntax, which cronstable's built-in cron
engine parses. It accepts five, six, or seven fields:
minute hour day-of-month month day-of-week, as in classic
cron.year.second, the classic five, and a trailing year
(see second-level schedules).Fields accept ranges, steps, lists, names such as jan and mon, and
Quartz's ? on its own in a day field. cronstable also supports these forms:
L alone in the day-of-month field for the month's last day, and L5 in
the day-of-week field for the month's last Friday.LW for the month's last weekday, L-3 for three days
before the month's last day, 15W for the weekday nearest the 15th, and
5#3 for the third Friday (see
business-day schedules).H, which picks a stable value from a hash of the job's name, so a fleet of
hourly jobs spreads across the hour instead of all starting at :00 (see
hashed schedules).@hourly and @daily, and @reboot, which runs the job
once when cronstable starts.A six-field expression reads its sixth field as a year. If that field can't be
a year, as in a Quartz expression that ends in ?, cronstable reports an error
that explains how to convert it. A Quartz expression that ends in *, such as
0 15 10 * * *, is valid but means something else here, so check converted
expressions with GET /schedule/preview. For the full syntax, see
schedules and time zones.
The schedule option can also be an object. This job runs every 5 minutes on
July 19 each year:
jobs:
- name: test-01
command: echo "foobar"
schedule:
minute: "*/5"
dayOfMonth: 19
month: 7
dayOfWeek: "*"
Schedules have one-minute granularity by default. To run a job at one-second
granularity, write a seven-field crontab string whose first field is the
second, or use the object form with a second: property. Both of these jobs
run every 15 seconds, at seconds 0, 15, 30, and 45 of every minute:
jobs:
- name: every-15s-string
command: echo "tick"
schedule: "*/15 * * * * * *" # 7 fields: the leading field is seconds
- name: every-15s-object
command: echo "tick"
schedule:
second: "*/15"
The seconds field accepts the same syntax as the other fields, so
second: "*" runs a job every second. While any enabled job uses seconds, the
scheduler wakes once per second instead of once per minute, and minute-level
jobs still run once in their scheduled minute. Second-level schedules are
available only in YAML; classic crontab files keep
cron's five fields.
For a runnable example, see
example/pulse-monitor,
a small uptime and SLA monitor that probes a service every few seconds, and its
three-node version,
example/pulse-cluster.
cronstable interprets schedules in UTC by default. To interpret a job's
schedule in a specific time zone, set timezone. The following job runs every
day at 19:27 in Los Angeles:
jobs:
- name: test-01
command: echo "hello"
schedule: "27 19 * * *"
timezone: America/Los_Angeles
captureStdout: true
To use the machine's local time instead, set utc: false.
To set environment variables for the command, use the environment option. To
load them from a file, use env_file:
jobs:
- name: test-01
command: echo "foobar"
shell: /bin/bash
schedule: "*/5 * * * *"
env_file: .env
environment:
- key: PATH
value: /bin:/usr/bin
The file contains one KEY=VALUE pair per line. cronstable ignores empty lines
and lines that start with #. Variables in the environment option override
variables from env_file.
cronstable reads five-field user crontabs in the classic Vixie format. Export
your crontab and pass the file to -c:
crontab -l > my.crontab
cronstable -c my.crontab
System crontabs such as /etc/crontab and files in /etc/cron.d contain an
extra user column that cronstable doesn't parse. To preserve per-job users,
convert these entries to YAML and set each job's
user field. If all jobs should run as the
daemon's user, remove the user column from a copy of the file instead.
You can also put files named *.crontab, *.cron, or crontab in a
configuration directory next to YAML files, or load them with
include. For example, a user crontab can contain:
SHELL=/bin/bash
PATH=/usr/local/bin:/usr/bin:/bin
# m h dom mon dow command
*/15 * * * * /usr/local/bin/backup --incremental
30 4 * * mon-fri /usr/local/bin/report --daily
@daily /usr/local/bin/rotate-logs
0 0 * * * pg_dump mydb > /backup/mydb-$(date +\%F).sql
Comments, NAME=value environment lines, nicknames such as @reboot and
@daily, and \% escapes all work as described in man 5 crontab. An
environment line applies to the entries after it, and cronstable honors SHELL
and CRON_TZ. Each entry becomes an ordinary cronstable job named
<file>:<line>, with cronstable's standard defaults rather than an emulation
of cron's environment:
CRON_TZ.MAILTO mail.%, which cron passes to the command as standard input, causes
an error when the file loads. \% still produces a literal %.To give an entry retries, reporting, timeouts, or any other per-job option,
move it to YAML. For the full mapping and every difference from cron, see
classic crontabs
in the wiki. For a runnable example, see
example/crontab,
a configuration directory that combines a crontab with YAML jobs and the
dashboard.
A defaults section sets default values for the jobs in the same file, and
each job can override them:
defaults:
environment:
- key: PATH
value: /bin:/usr/bin
shell: /bin/bash
utc: false
jobs:
- name: test-01
command: echo "foobar" # runs with /bin/bash
schedule: "*/5 * * * *"
- name: test-02
command: echo "zbr"
shell: /bin/sh # overrides the default shell
schedule: "*/5 * * * *"
In a configuration directory, each file's defaults section applies only to the
jobs in that file. To share defaults across files, use includes.
The include option takes a list of files, which cronstable parses and merges
into the current configuration. It's how several files share defaults and
other settings. For example, this is the main configuration:
include:
- _inc.yaml
jobs:
- name: my-job
...
The shared defaults live in _inc.yaml:
defaults:
shell: /bin/bash
onPermanentFailure:
report:
sentry:
...
A directory load skips files whose names start with _, so _inc.yaml applies
only where a file includes it. For the merge rules, see
includes, defaults, and multi-file config.
Any string value in the configuration can read cronstable's environment
variables with ${VAR}, or with ${VAR:-default} to set a fallback. One
configuration file can then serve many environments without a wrapper script
that templates it. To write a literal $, use $$.
Interpolation runs after the file is validated, so it works in any string
field, such as a listen address, a state path, a time zone, or a webhook URL.
If a ${VAR} is unset and has no default, cronstable reports a configuration
error that names the variable, and cronstable --validate-config catches it.
web:
listen:
- "http://0.0.0.0:${WEB_PORT:-8080}" # port from the environment, default 8080
state:
path: ${STATE_DIR} # required: unset fails --validate-config
jobs:
- name: rollup-${REGION} # required, like STATE_DIR
command: run-rollup # ${VAR} in a command is left for the shell
schedule:
minute: "0"
timezone: ${TZ:-UTC}
cronstable doesn't interpolate the command and shell of jobs and reporters,
so the shell expands their ${VAR} references at run time against the job's
own environment, not the daemon's. It also leaves the logging section for
Python's logging.config. For the full rules, including how interpolation
affects the job-set ID, see
environment variable interpolation.
Jobs are enabled by default. To disable a job, add enabled: false. cronstable
validates disabled jobs but doesn't run them.
jobs:
- name: test-01
enabled: false # skipped until you set this to true
command: echo "foobar"
shell: /bin/bash
schedule: "* * * * *"
To customize cronstable's own logs, add a logging section in the format of
Python's
logging.config dictionary schema.
For example, the following configuration adds a timestamp to each log line:
logging:
version: 1
disable_existing_loggers: false
formatters:
simple:
format: '%(asctime)s [%(processName)s/%(threadName)s] %(levelname)s (%(name)s): %(message)s'
datefmt: '%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S'
handlers:
console:
class: logging.StreamHandler
level: DEBUG
formatter: simple
stream: ext://sys.stdout
root:
level: INFO
handlers:
- console
For more, see logging configuration.
cronstable answers questions about its own schedule. Each of these features has its own wiki page:
GET /schedule/why?job=<name>&at=<timestamp> shows, field
by field, how the scheduler's match test evaluates one job at one moment. For
a job scheduled 0 9 * * mon,fri, asking about a Tuesday at 09:00 returns
"matches": false with day-of-week as the failed field, plus the job's
nearest runs before and after that moment
(Why Didn't It Run?).*/n steps that don't divide evenly, and wall-clock times
that daylight saving time skips or repeats. Findings appear on /jobs and
/status, and GET /schedule/preview checks any expression before it
becomes a job
(Schedule Linting).GET /schedule/pressure groups the next 24 hours of
scheduled runs into a collision heatmap, which both dashboards display
(Schedule Pressure).GET /schedule/duplicates groups jobs whose schedules
run at exactly the same times, even when the expressions are written
differently
(Duplicate Schedule Detection).GET /schedule/suggest recommends the least busy time for a
new job, based on the fleet's actual runs
(Suggest a Slot).By default, a run fails when the process exits with a nonzero status, or when it
writes to stderr, which cronstable captures unless the job sets
captureStderr: false. To change what counts as a failure, set the Boolean
fields of the job's failsWhen option:
A retry block inside onFailure retries a failed run with exponential
backoff. The onPermanentFailure hook runs only after the last retry fails:
jobs:
- name: test-01
command: |
echo "hello" 1>&2
exit 10
schedule:
minute: "*/10"
captureStderr: true
onFailure:
retry:
maximumRetries: 10
initialDelay: 1
maximumDelay: 30
backoffMultiplier: 2
onPermanentFailure:
report:
mail:
from: [email protected]
to: [email protected]
smtpHost: 127.0.0.1
The first retry waits initialDelay seconds, and each later wait is multiplied
by backoffMultiplier, up to maximumDelay. To retry forever, set
maximumRetries: -1, for example to restart a long-running @reboot process
whenever it fails. Pending retries stay in memory unless you configure a
state: section, which lets them resume after a restart. To check a job's
output before recording success, see
result verification.
For details, see
failure detection and retries
in the wiki.
Failure hooks only see runs that happened. To detect runs that are late,
missing, or taking too long, add an sla: block. Each job can set up to three
independent thresholds, and an in-process monitor checks them once per minute.
When a threshold is breached, the onLate hook runs once. It takes the same
report block as onFailure:
jobs:
- name: nightly-etl
command: python -m etl.run
schedule: "0 4 * * *"
sla:
maxTimeSinceSuccessSeconds: 129600 # no success for 36 hours
lateAfterSeconds: 900 # a due run hasn't started within 15 minutes
maxRuntimeSeconds: 7200 # a run is still going after 2 hours
onLate:
report:
webhook:
url:
fromEnvVar: SLACK_WEBHOOK_URL
Each breach produces one report, not one per minute. When the check clears,
cronstable logs a recovery line and sends no report. maxRuntimeSeconds only
observes a run and never stops it; to enforce a limit, use
executionTimeout. The monitor skips paused and disabled
jobs. Under leader election, only the node that owns the job checks it, so each
breach sends a single alert.
Breaches appear as an OVERDUE badge in both dashboards, as an sla object
on GET /jobs, and as the cronstable_job_late{job_name, check} and
cronstable_job_sla_breaches_total{job_name, check} metrics. The monitor runs
inside the daemon, so it can't report that the daemon itself has stopped; pair
it with an external Prometheus staleness alert. For details, see
late-run detection
in the wiki.
If a job is still running when its next run is due, concurrencyPolicy
decides what happens:
Allow (default): starts the new run alongside the running one.Forbid: skips the new run.Replace: cancels the running job and starts the new run in its place.The policy applies on each node. On a cluster that shares a state: store, set
concurrencyScope: cluster to apply Forbid and Replace across nodes. To
limit how many runs of several jobs can happen at once, use a
resource pool. For
details, see
concurrency and timeouts.
To stop a job after a set number of seconds, set executionTimeout. When
cronstable stops a job, it first asks the job to exit, waits up to
killTimeout seconds (30 by default), and then forces it to stop. On POSIX
systems, the request is SIGTERM to the job's process group, followed by
SIGKILL. On Windows, it's CTRL_BREAK_EVENT, followed by ending the job's
process tree. The same steps apply when concurrencyPolicy: Replace or a
cancel request stops a job.
The following job would take 10 seconds to finish. After one second,
cronstable sends SIGTERM to its process group. The shell and its sleep
child both ignore the signal, so cronstable sends SIGKILL half a second
later:
jobs:
- name: test-03
command: |
trap '' TERM
echo "starting..."
sleep 10
echo "all done."
schedule:
minute: "*"
captureStderr: true
executionTimeout: 1 # in seconds
killTimeout: 0.5
The user field sets the user (UID or username) that a job's process runs as,
and the group field sets the group (GID or group name). If you set only
user, the group defaults to that user's primary group. For example:
jobs:
- name: test-03
command: id
schedule:
minute: "*"
captureStderr: true
user: www-data
To switch users, cronstable must run as root. This feature relies on setuid
and setgid, so it's available only on POSIX systems. On Windows, cronstable
rejects a job that sets user or group with a configuration error.
By default, a job starts in cronstable's own working directory. To start it in
a different directory, set workingDirectory. This matters most on Windows,
where an elevated console starts the daemon in the system directory, so
relative paths in a script resolve to the wrong place. It's the equivalent of
the Start in box on a Task Scheduler action.
jobs:
- name: nightly-import
command: import.bat
schedule:
minute: "0"
hour: "2"
workingDirectory: C:\jobs\importer
cronstable expands ~ and ${VAR} in the path and makes it absolute when it
loads the configuration. The operating system checks that the directory exists
when the job starts, so a missing directory fails only that run instead of
rejecting the whole configuration. You can also set workingDirectory in a
defaults: block and on a DAG task. For details, see
commands and environment.
The priority option sets a job's CPU scheduling priority relative to the
other processes on the machine: idle, below-normal, normal (the default),
above-normal, or high.
jobs:
- name: nightly-reindex
command: reindex.sh
schedule:
minute: "0"
hour: "3"
priority: idle
On POSIX systems, cronstable renices the job's process group right after it
starts the job: idle is nice 19, and high is nice -10. Raising the priority
requires privileges; if the change is denied, the job runs at its inherited
priority. On Windows, the level becomes the process's priority class. Child
processes inherit a lowered priority on both platforms, but on Windows, the
children of an above-normal or high job start at normal priority. The
default, normal, leaves the inherited priority unchanged. For details, see
commands and environment.
To find out which jobs use the most CPU and memory, turn on per-job resource
accounting. Set monitorResources: true on a job, as in the following example,
or under defaults: to cover every job:
jobs:
- name: nightly-model-refresh
command: python -m models.refresh
schedule: "0 4 * * *"
monitorResources: true
While the job runs, cronstable uses psutil
to sample its whole process tree, including child processes. When the run ends,
cronstable records its total CPU time and peak resident memory. The dashboard
shows the numbers live on the job's row, per run in the History tab, and as
charts in the Resources tab. They also appear in GET /jobs/{name}/runs, in
Prometheus metrics such as cronstable_job_cpu_seconds_total, and in report
templates, so a failure alert can show how large the run was. With a
state store, they
survive restarts.
Resource monitoring only observes: it never changes whether a run succeeds or fails. To cap a job's CPU, memory, or process count, see resource limits. Monitoring is off by default and adds no overhead when it's off. Because the numbers are sampled, figures for short runs are approximate. To tune the sampling interval and chart history, or to monitor DAG tasks and whole nodes, see resource monitoring.
To bound what each run of a job can use, set resourceLimits on the job, as in
the following example, or under defaults: to cap every job:
jobs:
- name: nightly-model-refresh
command: python -m models.refresh
schedule: "0 4 * * *"
resourceLimits:
cpu: 1.5 # CPUs, like docker run --cpus
memory: 512M # powers of 1024
processes: 64
The kernel enforces the caps across the run's whole process tree. A run at its
CPU cap runs more slowly, and a run at its process cap cannot start more
processes. A run that goes over its memory cap is killed with every process it
started and fails with memory limit exceeded (512 MiB). The dashboards, the
run history, and Prometheus metrics show each job's caps and whether its runs
hit them.
On Linux, each capped run gets its own cgroup (cgroup v2), which needs a cgroup
delegated to cronstable. The packaged systemd unit sets Delegate=memory pids
and OOMPolicy=continue, so memory and process caps work with no setup, and
CPU caps need Delegate=yes in a drop-in. In a container, cronstable needs
root and a writable cgroupfs, in the container's own cgroup namespace or in a
container cgroup that the runtime delegated; the published images run as a
non-root user, so capped jobs run uncapped there. On Windows, each capped run
gets its own Job Object, with no setup. macOS, the BSDs, and illumos cannot
enforce caps. Where the host cannot enforce a cap, the run goes ahead without
it, the daemon logs a warning, and the run record says so. With
required: true, the run fails instead. For details, see
resource limits.
cronstable has six built-in reporters: sentry, mail, shell, webhook
(Slack-compatible with no extra configuration), push (see
push notifications), and eventlog (see
Windows Event Log). Each reporter can run on the
onFailure, onPermanentFailure, onSuccess, and onLate hooks. The mail
subject and body and the Sentry body are Jinja2 templates that can use the
run's outcome and captured output. Secrets such as DSNs, passwords, and webhook
URLs can come from value, fromFile, or fromEnvVar:
jobs:
- name: test-01
command: |
echo "hello" 1>&2
exit 10
schedule:
minute: "*/2"
captureStderr: true
onFailure:
report:
sentry:
dsn:
fromEnvVar: SENTRY_DSN
mail:
from: [email protected]
to: [email protected]
smtpHost: 127.0.0.1
subject: Cron job '{{name}}' failed
body: |
{{stderr}}
(exit code: {{exit_code}})
shell:
shell: /bin/bash
command: echo "Error code $CRONSTABLE_RETCODE"
webhook:
url:
fromEnvVar: SLACK_WEBHOOK_URL
A report includes the output streams that the job captures. captureStderr is
on by default, and captureStdout is off. For the capture options, including
the streamPrefix line prefix, see
output capturing.
For every reporter's options, including HTML mail, Sentry fingerprints, webhook
examples for other services, the template variables, and the shell reporter's
CRONSTABLE_* environment variables, see
reporting in the wiki.
The push reporter sends end-to-end encrypted alerts to devices paired with the
iOS app. Before an alert leaves your server, the daemon seals it to
the device's public key. Where the platform supports it, the seal uses X-Wing,
a post-quantum hybrid of ML-KEM-768 and X25519; elsewhere it uses an X25519
sealed box. The hosted relay forwards each alert to the Apple Push Notification
service (APNs) and sees only ciphertext and routing metadata. It never sees job
names, hostnames, or log lines.
The reporter needs three things: the push extra
(pip install "cronstable[push]"), a daemon-wide push: section, and push
enabled on a reporting hook. If a configuration enables push without the extra
or the push: section, cronstable refuses to start instead of dropping alerts:
push:
relay:
url: https://relay.cronstable.com/
devicesFile: /var/lib/cronstable/devices.json
defaults:
onFailure:
report:
push:
enabled: true
If you configure a state: section, you can omit devicesFile. The durable
store then keeps the pairings, and every node that shares it sees them. To pair
a device, follow the steps in iOS app. For the report options,
pairing through the API, revocation, size limits, and the relay trust model,
see push notifications
in the wiki.
On Windows, the eventlog reporter writes each outcome to the Application
event log, which Event Viewer, Windows Event Forwarding, SCOM, and SIEM
connectors read. It needs no extra. Each record has a stable event ID and a
fixed set of insertion strings for rules to match:
defaults:
onFailure:
report:
eventlog:
enabled: true
Get-WinEvent -FilterHashtable @{ LogName = 'Application'; ProviderName = 'cronstable'; ID = 1001, 1002 }
Jobs use event IDs 1000 (succeeded), 1001 (failed), 1002 (failed permanently),
and 1003 (overdue). Daemon and orchestration events use 1010 and 1011.
cronstable writes as an unregistered event source, so Event Viewer adds a
generic "description cannot be found" note to the rendered text. The XML view,
Get-WinEvent, forwarding, and SIEM connectors read every field normally. On
other platforms, the reporter does nothing, and cronstable says so once when it
loads the configuration. For the field tables and how to register the source,
see Windows Event Log
in the wiki.
When the HTTP API is enabled, GET /metrics serves built-in
Prometheus metrics, so you don't need an exporter sidecar. They cover job run
outcomes, duration histograms, retries, next-run times, configuration reload
health, and cluster and leader election state, in both the Prometheus text
format and OpenMetrics. For the full metric reference, scrape configuration,
and example alert rules, see
metrics with Prometheus.
The daemon can also push per-job metrics to statsd:
jobs:
- name: test01
command: echo "hello"
schedule: "* * * * *"
statsd:
host: my-statsd.example.com
port: 8125
prefix: my.cron.jobs.prefix.test01
With this configuration, cronstable sends the following metrics over UDP to the
statsd server at my-statsd.example.com:8125:
my.cron.jobs.prefix.test01.start:1|g # sent when the job starts
my.cron.jobs.prefix.test01.stop:1|g # the rest are sent when the job stops
my.cron.jobs.prefix.test01.success:1|g
my.cron.jobs.prefix.test01.duration:3|ms
For details, see metrics with statsd.
The HTTP API serves a live SVG badge for each job, and one for the whole job set, in the style of the build badges on many README files:
Embed a badge with Markdown that links it to the job in the dashboard:
[](https://cron.example.com/#job/nightly-backup)
A job's badge shows a verdict such as passing, failing, overdue, or
paused, and the fleet badge at /badge.svg counts the jobs in the most
urgent state, such as 2 failing. The command palettes of the web and
terminal dashboards copy this Markdown. A daemon that requires a token
serves the badges only with it, and GitHub's image proxy can't send one. A
browser also refuses to load a badge from the daemon into a page from
another origin. Set web.badges.public: true to lift both limits; it
exempts only the two badge routes from the token. For every verdict, the
query parameters, and caching, see
status badges in
the wiki.
To control cronstable remotely, add a web section with one or more listeners:
web:
listen:
- http://127.0.0.1:8080
- unix:///tmp/cronstable.sock
Every listen address needs a scheme: http://, https:// (see
TLS and client certificates), or unix://,
which Windows doesn't support. The same listeners serve the
web dashboard; to serve only the API, set web.ui: false.
The API covers these areas:
For example, the following HTTPie command pauses a job for a two-hour maintenance window:
$ http post http://127.0.0.1:8080/jobs/test-02/pause durationSeconds:=7200 note="db migration"
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
{"paused": {"since": "2026-07-19T14:00:00+00:00", "until": "2026-07-19T16:00:00+00:00", "note": "db migration", "by": "api", "channel": "api"}}
The HTTP API reference in the wiki documents every endpoint, with its request and response shapes. The repository also includes a machine-readable OpenAPI specification.
By default, the API is unauthenticated: anyone who can reach a listener can call
every endpoint except POST /shutdown, which always requires a token. A
loopback address keeps other machines out, but every local account on the host
can still reach it. To require a bearer token, set web.authToken:
web:
listen:
- http://0.0.0.0:8080
authToken:
fromEnvVar: CRONSTABLE_WEB_TOKEN
Clients send the token in an Authorization: Bearer <token> header. The
dashboard page loads without a token, then prompts for one and keeps it only in
that browser tab. cronstable tui, cronstable mcp, and cronstable pair
read it from the CRONSTABLE_WEB_TOKEN environment variable. For narrower
credentials, such as a view-only token for a wallboard, add
scoped tokens.
To turn the dashboard into a public read-only board, add view to
web.anonymousScopes alongside the tokens:
web:
listen:
- http://0.0.0.0:8080
authToken:
fromEnvVar: CRONSTABLE_WEB_TOKEN
anonymousScopes:
- view
Requests without credentials then get the view scope, the dashboard skips the
token prompt and shows a view-only interface, and every route that changes
state still requires a token. For details, see
public read-only access.
The web.listen option also accepts https:// addresses, which use the
certificate and key from a web.tls block. Each listener keeps its own
transport, so one daemon can serve the same API and dashboard in plaintext on
loopback and over TLS on a routable interface. unix:// listeners are always
plaintext; the socket's own permissions (socketMode) control access.
web:
listen:
- http://127.0.0.1:8080 # loopback, plaintext
- https://0.0.0.0:8443 # served with the material below
tls:
cert: /etc/cronstable/web.pem
key: /etc/cronstable/web.key
clientCa: /etc/cronstable/callers-ca.pem # optional: require client certificates
To require mutual TLS, which authenticates clients as well as encrypting
connections, set clientCa. Web certificates rotate in place without a daemon
restart. The cronstable tui, cronstable mcp, and cronstable pair clients
take matching --cacert, --client-cert, --client-key, and --insecure
flags. The listeners, the cluster, the job CLI, and these clients verify
certificates in OpenSSL's strict X.509 mode on every Python version. With
OpenSSL 3.0 or later, a CA certificate needs critical basicConstraints, a
key usage with keyCertSign, and a Subject Key Identifier. A certificate
that a CA issues needs an Authority Key Identifier. A failed handshake logs
its reason. For how to issue the certificates, the mTLS trust
model and how it combines with web.authToken, and how rotation works, see
listener TLS in the
wiki.
The job-set ID is a fingerprint of the set of jobs that a cronstable instance runs. Two instances have the same ID exactly when they run the same set of jobs, so replicas deployed from one configuration can compare IDs to confirm that none has drifted.
cronstable computes the ID from each job's effective configuration, after
merging defaults. The ID doesn't depend on job order, on whether a setting is
written inline or in a defaults block, or on whether a schedule is written as
an object or as the equivalent crontab string. It covers every field that
affects behavior, such as command, schedule, shell, retry and reporting
policy, timezone, and enabled. It never includes secret values or
environment values (only variable names), so it's safe to log and serve. It
also leaves out per-host values such as workingDirectory. Because it reflects
platform-dependent defaults, such as the default shell, compare only instances
that run on the same platform.
You can get the ID in three ways:
The CLI prints the ID and exits, which is useful in scripts and health checks:
$ cronstable -c /etc/cronstable.d --job-set-id
v1:b834d7565aee0da50cd017f666651a5ba3b2e6b161daf0cb6e430f23f51ce90b
GET /job-set-id on the HTTP API returns it, as JSON if you
send Accept: application/json. The dashboard header shows it too.
cronstable logs the ID at startup, and again whenever a configuration reload changes it.
For everything the fingerprint covers and why, see job-set ID in the wiki.
By default, cronstable runs as a single instance, and every replica runs every
job. An optional cluster section lets several replicas coordinate. With the
default gossip backend, each node serves a small GET /peer endpoint over
mutual TLS and polls its configured peers. The nodes compare
job-set IDs to confirm that they run the same set of jobs, which
is called cluster peer attestation. With electLeader: true, the nodes also use
that attestation to elect a leader, which requires a quorum:
cluster:
listen: "0.0.0.0:8443" # the mTLS listener for this node
tls:
ca: /etc/cronstable/cluster-ca.pem # trust anchor for peer certificates
cert: /etc/cronstable/this-node.pem # this node's certificate
key: /etc/cronstable/this-node.key
peers:
- host: cronstable-b.internal:8443
- host: cronstable-c.internal:8443
nodeName: cronstable-a # optional; defaults to the system hostname
electLeader: true # observe-only if false (the default)
Each node independently chooses as leader the member with the lowest
nodeName among the members that it sees agreeing on the job-set ID, and only
when those members form a quorum (a strict majority) of the cluster. Because
peer views can differ or become stale, multiple nodes can consider themselves
leader, so the gossip election is best effort: it can duplicate or skip runs
during failures or changes in cluster membership.
To coordinate leadership through a shared lease, set cluster.backend to
kubernetes (a coordination.k8s.io/v1 Lease), etcd (a lease-bound key), or
filesystem (a shared mount with locks across hosts and bounded clock skew, as
in tutorial 4). These backends fence
leadership while the coordination store is reachable. Jobs can still miss runs,
and the lease doesn't make their side effects exactly-once. Each job's
clusterPolicy (Leader, PreferLeader, or EveryNode) sets its behavior
when leadership can't be confirmed, as tutorial 4 describes.
The GET /cluster endpoint returns the current view: members, the elected
leader, quorum, and any conflicts, and the dashboard shows the same vie
A job scheduler with retries, alerts, saved run history, workflows, and dashboards for single machines and clusters.
도구
아직 도구 목록이 없습니다. 원격 서버는 첫 상태 확인 후에 도구 목록이 생깁니다.
FAQ
이 페이지에서 Cursor, Claude Desktop, Claude Code 또는 VS Code용 stdio 설정을 복사합니다. PlugMCP 프록시가 아니라 게시자의 설치 방식을 사용합니다.
이 레코드에는 필수 환경 변수가 등록되어 있지 않습니다.
Cronstable은(는) stdio를 통해 로컬에서 실행됩니다.
마지막 확인: 2026-11-13. A job scheduler with retries, alerts, saved run history, workflows, and dashboards for single machines and clusters.