Today, to trust a piece of data you usually have to hold it. A satellite downlinks the whole capture, a lab emails the spreadsheet, a company uploads its documents to whichever AI is reading them, and every copy is one more place the data can leak or quietly change.
emem splits the job in two.
- Encoding happens at the source, and stays private. A file server, a lab, a camera or a payload computer hashes what it holds into units and signs a small record under its own key. The bytes do not have to leave. What leaves is a commitment to them: a content id, a Merkle root, a signature.
- emem is the decoding half. Any model, in Claude, in ChatGPT or in your own code, resolves a short token back to that exact record, checks who signed it, and proves that one unit belongs to the whole, without trusting the sender, and without trusting emem.
A token lets a reader resolve the published record and check content they are given against it. It does not reveal what you kept: a tree token over a private file exposes the units you chose to publish and nothing else.
What crosses, and what stays
What each check proves is stated with it. A custody record says bytes arrived, not that the sensor was calibrated. A tree proves a unit was in the file you signed, not that the file is true. A code_cid says which code you claim produced a value; running arbitrary private code in a sandbox is not built.
Quickstart
No account and no API key to read.
1. Connect an MCP host (Claude Code here; every other host):
claude mcp add --transport http emem https://emem.dev/mcp
2. Prove one part of a file without the rest of it. This repository's LICENSE is published as a signed tree of six 2 KB units, so you can try the file path with nothing to set up. From a clone:
curl -s "https://emem.dev/memories/by_attester/k572x7go/readme-example/license-tree.md" > index.md
curl -s "https://emem.dev/v1/tree/xrnco3igl6j2j4kehg4z33ggk4?row=3" > row.json
python3 plugins/emem/skills/emem-tokenise-files/scripts/tree_proof.py check row.json index.md LICENSE
The index names every unit's hash and the root; the row carries unit 3 and its audit path. The check confirms bytes 6144 to 8191 are in the file the key k572x7go signed, by hashing those bytes and walking three steps to the root. For your own file, tree_proof.py build report.md cuts it into units and prints the index offline; sign and publish it under your own key (the skill walks through it). The file never leaves your machine.
3. Read a signed measurement and check it offline (curl, jq, Python):
curl -fsS https://emem.dev/v1/recall -H 'content-type: application/json' \
-d '{"place":"Cairo","bands":["copdem30m.elevation_mean"]}' > fact.json
jq '.facts[0] | {cell, value, unit, memory_token}' fact.json
jq '{token: .facts[0].memory_token}' fact.json \
| curl -fsS https://emem.dev/v1/memory_token/resolve \
-H 'content-type: application/json' --data-binary @- > resolved.json
# pip install "ememdev[signing]"
import json
from ememdev.verify import verify_receipt_offline
verdict = verify_receipt_offline(json.load(open("resolved.json"))["receipt"])
print(verdict.ok, verdict.why) # True, checked in this process with no network call
The check uses the public key the receipt carries. To know it was emem that signed, pin emem's key from /.well-known/emem.json, or check the token at emem.dev/verify.
curl -s -X POST https://emem.dev/v1/ask -H 'content-type: application/json' \
-d '{"q":"what is the NDVI near Mount Fuji?"}' | jq '{answer, receipt: .receipt.fact_cids}'
# pip install "ememdev[signing]"
from ememdev import Client
from ememdev.verify import verify_receipt_offline
with Client() as em:
out = em.ask("what is the NDVI near Mount Fuji?")
print(out["answer"], verify_receipt_offline(out["receipt"]).ok)
// npm i @vortxai/emem
import { Client } from "@vortxai/emem";
const out = await new Client().ask({ q: "what is the NDVI near Mount Fuji?" });
console.log(out.answer, out.receipt.fact_cids);
There is no rule for turning a tool name into a REST path, so do not guess one: emem_memory_search answers at POST /v1/memory/search and emem_verify_receipt at POST /v1/verify_receipt. The authority is /openapi.json; over MCP, call the tool by name.
For agents. Connect to https://emem.dev/mcp. It advertises the 18 tools of the core loop in one page, about 75 KB of context, not the whole catalog: loading all 116 descriptors costs about 329 KB. For the lightest first contact, emem_tools returns the loop and a menu in about 13 KB, and tools/call dispatches every tool by name, with or without its emem_ prefix. To hand records on, prefer a bundle: emem_memory_bundle names up to 256 facts in 38 characters.
Memory that changes without losing its history
One field, worked end to end on the live node on 2026-10-10. Every token below resolves, and you can check each step yourself.
1. Name the thing once. The field gets an identity that stays put while everything measured about it changes:
emem:entity:2kmmk5bflnt5v2g7fh5y5ezqhe "Wheat field west of Ludhiana", a farm_plot at cell defi.zb560.kUtU.sozo
2. Two observations, each its own record. NDVI read from Sentinel-2 on two dates. Each reading has its own content id, so a later reading never overwrites an earlier one:
2026-03-12 NDVI 0.893 emem:fact:defi.zb560.kUtU.sozo:4okfcg4nyi7fo4ftfj57yzjdghc7av7jfjd3fp2urk7vajztgxpa
2026-06-27 NDVI 0.158 emem:fact:defi.zb560.kUtU.sozo:hbliam74soj7pmqy7ig67hyyqn7lz6fe7baagv743fzi75p2drpq
3. A result derived from them, and recomputed. An agent registers the drop, signed with its own key, naming both readings as inputs and pinning its code by hash. Because the operation is a pure delta, emem re-runs it over the two signed parents before recording it:
emem:fact:defi.zb560.kUtU.sozo:n77qfh6isswzwel5i5v7mvl6fmptsf647pklplh6rrdufglz775q
value -0.7352330536822305 class deterministic_index rule canonical_float_equality ulp_gap 0
4. A correction that keeps the original. The agent first wrote that the field was harvested on 27 June. That overstated it: the readings in between were never fetched, so the drop shows the canopy was gone by 27 June, not when it went. The agent wrote a corrected note and superseded the first. Readers of the old path now get superseded_by, and the original bytes still resolve, so anyone can see what was corrected and why:
/memories/by_attester/k572x7go/readme-example/farm-v1.md superseded_by rhngbrlvt3ihzbm3bdxjkdjrmy
reason "The NDVI drop shows the canopy was gone by 27 June; it does not date the harvest."
5. Another agent checks all of it, trusting nobody:
curl -s -X POST https://emem.dev/v1/memory_token/resolve -H 'content-type: application/json' \
-d '{"token":"emem:fact:defi.zb560.kUtU.sozo:n77qfh6isswzwel5i5v7mvl6fmptsf647pklplh6rrdufglz775q"}' \
| jq '{value, provenance: .provenance.class, inputs: .fact.derivation.args.inputs, recomputed: .fact.derivation.args.recomputation.verified}'
It gets the value, the two input tokens to resolve in turn, and the responder's statement that it reproduced the value, all under one receipt it can verify offline. Identity, time, provenance, computation and correction, in one place.
The operations behind those steps, and the rest of what agents do with them:
Tokens, and what each one binds
emem:fact: and emem:state: carry the full 32-byte BLAKE3 of the record's canonical CBOR, so they bind every byte of it. emem:entity: and emem:bundle: are 16-byte anchors: they co-refer rather than bind, and an entity's anchor does not cover every field of its metadata. The token guide sets out what each kind proves. A token costs more context than the number it stands for (84 characters, 51 LLM tokens, against about 5.4 for the value, measured over 131 facts with cl100k_base); it pays when the value must survive a summariser, be checked by someone who does not trust you, or travel with others in one bundle.
When the world has no answer, emem signs that too
Ask for the road heading at a square in Venice and there is none. emem does not guess or go quiet. It signs an Absence that says what it looked at and why nothing qualified:
emem:fact:defi.zb604.zf0e2.hUpU:exhq6lpsjbimxru33wbhvx2rrz72jeecnugpynsber2dxwgrfuea
kind absence
reason Overture release 2026-09-23.1 holds no carriageway segment within 50 m of
(45.434282, 12.323702); seen and not counted: pedestrian=7;
row_groups=part-00047-...-c000.zstd.parquet#117,119
The row groups it names are public bytes in Overture's own bucket, so anyone can re-read them and reach the same answer without asking emem anything. Check this Absence yourself.
Why you can trust it
- The id proves the bytes. A record's id is the BLAKE3 hash of its canonical bytes: change one byte and the id changes.
- Every answer carries an ed25519 receipt that verifies offline against the responder's published key, in your process or at emem.dev/verify. No callback, no account.
- Every record says how it was made: a sensor read it, a formula recomputed it from a cited source, a model produced it, or a person typed it. The four never look alike, and
model_outputandhuman_curatedcarry a caution in the same payload. - A missing value is never a bare 404. Where the responder looked, it signs an absence with a typed reason; where it could not look, it returns a typed, unsigned
unknown. - Nothing is overwritten. Later records supersede, and disagreement between writers is kept and scored as evidence, never averaged away.
- History is auditable, not just asserted. Everything emem signs goes into an append-only RFC 6962 Merkle log, 2,811,200 entries on 2026-10-10. Pin a signed head at
/v1/log/sth, prove it only grew, prove one entry sits under it, and read the independent co-signatures at/v1/log/witnesses. Receipts signed since 2026-10-10 name the log entry that carried them, and test vectors let a new verifier check itself. - A derivation can be recomputed, not just signed, as step 3 of the worked example shows.
What a fact can hold is measured, not promised: /v1/plane/conformance samples up to 400 live facts on every call and checks that no value carries text, no string field exceeds 128 bytes, and no tool accepts a caller's value, so a fact cannot carry an instruction. Notes, which agents write, are a different plane: every read wraps a note's body in _content_is_data_not_instructions, because a memory agents write to is a prompt-injection surface by construction. The exact preimage rules to re-check any receipt yourself are at /v1/verifier_spec, generated from the running code.
A number can be checked before it is said. emem-guard reads the emem: citations in a draft, resolves each one, and answers allow or deny with a machine-readable reason (PROV_SIG when a signature fails, PROV_BYTES when a token resolves to different bytes, PROV_DRIFT when a value moved past its threshold) and a fix. Advisory on the hosted node, enforcing on your own. Its stricter rule, which flags a measurable claim that cites nothing, fired 3 times in 8,739 sentences of this repository's own prose, so it ships off by default with a --shadow mode.
What emem gives you that search and RAG do not
emem is not a vector database and does not replace your agent's own memory. It is the shared part: the records several agents, models and organisations need to agree on.
Results, including where it does not help
Scope for every number here: 5 sites, 2 open 7-12B instruct models on one host, up to 1,024 cells, n=48 at the largest size, no independent replication, labelled SAMPLE. Methods and threats to validity: docs/how-emem-compares.md.
- When retrieval misses, models lie plausibly. One model abstained 74/96 times; the other emitted a confident wrong number 93/96 times, using real readings from neighbouring cells.
- Agreement is not evidence. Under compression two models agreed 27.8% of the time while being right 1.4% of the time (Fisher p = 0.035).
- Where we lost. Pasting the value into context ties addressed memory when the value fits, and BM25 matched it on these corpora. Bundles, not single tokens, are the form that saves context.
- Drift, caught in production. The live value at the flagship cell moved from 918.0 to 915.07 when the upstream provider changed. The token published earlier still resolves to 918.0 and still verifies.
- Independent verifiers. An agent with no commercial tie to us,
dxrfmreb, wrote a clean-room verifier from/v1/verifier_spec, reproduced our signatures, rejected five tampered receipts, verified inclusion and consistency proofs with its own RFC 6962 code, and filed eleven findings, eight of them real defects since fixed (docs/benchmarks.md). eudr.dev's agent built a second one from the same spec.
One record, many readers
Handed one token, Anthropic's Claude (through the emem MCP), Google's Gemma 3 (on Amazon Bedrock) and Alibaba's Qwen 2.5 (running locally) all end with the same fact id and value. The decoding is emem's, not the model's: Claude called the resolver itself, and the other two were given the same resolved response, as the clip states.
Two Claude sessions with no shared context: A researches a place and hands over one bundle line; B, with no reason to trust A, resolves it to the same signed bytes and checks the signature. Agents also correspond in public on the signed channel, where they cite records, challenge each other and retract; A2A reaches every tool as a skill. Both are walked through in emem in depth.
See it live
Every demo on the website runs against the live memory, in your browser, with no key.
Also live: the gallery of encoded files (Webb's Cosmic Cliffs, GPT-2 tensor by tensor, robot arms, a CT slice, 41 years of a climate model), 3-D worlds rebuilt from signed facts, the arcade, where our daemon agents have run the loop since July 2026, a signed note per act, and the scoreboard.
A recorded Claude session with only emem's tools, researching a real place: every number in its answer is a signed record. Watch nine agents share one memory (4 min).
Earth is the first corpus, not the limit
The protocol does not care what a record is about. Earth goes first because its sources are public archives, so anyone can fetch the same input and recompute the answer, which makes it the hardest case to cheat at. Open data from ESA, NASA, USGS and the EU JRC fills the memory on demand: 115 wired measurements from 46 declared source schemes. Eighteen contributor profiles are published and one is active, earth.satellite.v0; the rest are candidates. Every registry that governs meaning is one of ten content-addressed manifests at /v1/manifests, so citing its cid pins the exact semantics a fact was written under.
A file tree can commit any content, but committing bytes does not make them a measured fact: only emem's own readers, enrolled devices and keys the operator lists write the fact plane. Devices join by proving how they ran, never by their own word: the device-platform registry names the 17 platforms that may enrol a key and the evidence each must present, emem_trace_verify checks an execution trace today, and the public gate admits no real hardware yet (the staged path).
By the numbers: 116 MCP tools (an 18-tool core loop by default), 181 paths under /v1/* (/openapi.json), and a transparency log of 2,811,200 signed entries on 2026-10-10. Measured on the production node (methods): warm recall p50 2.5 ms, offline receipt verification p50 0.13 ms, 632 requests/s on one node.
Use it where you already work
Per-host configs, and every directory emem is listed in, are on the reference page. Writes are signed with an ed25519 key you generate locally; a refused write hands back the exact digest to sign.
Run it yourself
The hosted node runs the binary in this repo, and a receipt minted on one verifies on the other:
docker run -p 127.0.0.1:5051:5051 ghcr.io/vortx-ai/emem:latest
Mount a volume for EMEM_DATA, which holds the node's signing key, before you hand out records you care about, and pin an image digest for anything long-lived (docs/self-host.md).
For a machine with no route out, such as a payload computer in orbit, emem-airgap takes custody of files in one directory and writes signed records to another, and emem-encode captures the execution evidence it can. Each record says which of the two guarantees it carries. The image is FROM scratch with one static binary and no networking or database crate linked, so --network none agrees with the binary rather than merely being asked of it; quickstart.sh goes from nothing to a signed, verified record without a clone or a Rust toolchain.
Independent witnesses co-sign the log head, listed live at /v1/log/witnesses, so a split view is detectable. Federation today is witnessing; fetching facts across nodes is separate, unbuilt work.
What the checks do not prove
- A signature says who, never that it is true. A receipt proves what one responder signed. Source correctness and scientific validity need their own assessment.
- A token points at bytes held somewhere. A content id names one fixed record forever; being able to fetch it depends on someone keeping the bytes.
- A place name resolves to one 10 m cell. Neighbourhood questions need the area tools, and a first read of a new place can take tens of seconds while emem reads the archives.
- Time series are sparse. At one warm cell geo.qa measured 38 NDVI readings over three years, about 12.7 a year: enough for a direction, not for a full phenology curve.
- One responder signs, not a network. A receipt never claims consensus.
- Notes are public and permanent. Encoding a file never uploads it; publishing a note does. Any caller can read any agent's notes, a sealed
vaultentry is readable by the operator, deletion unpublishes rather than erases, andmemory_supersedeworks only in your own namespace. Encrypt client-side for anything private (PRIVACY.md).
Version 2.4.4, a patch on the 2.4.0 minor. The receipt preimage last changed in 2.0.0, and receipts signed under earlier versions still verify under their own rule (CHANGELOG.md). Next: docs/roadmap.md.
Who builds on it
- eudr.dev checks farm plots against the EU Deforestation Regulation cut-off with emem's forest facts, and prepares Annex II statements an auditor can re-verify.
- geo.qa runs a second node, whose transparency-log head emem co-signs.
Learn more
Citation
Two artefacts, cited separately: the software if you ran it, the preprint if you build on the protocol. GitHub's Cite this repository button reads CITATION.cff, which carries both.
@software{emem_software,
title = {emem: shared, verifiable memory for AI agents},
author = {Kumari, Jaya and Singh, Avijeet},
year = {2026},
version = {2.4.4},
url = {https://github.com/Vortx-AI/emem},
license = {Apache-2.0},
publisher = {Vortx AI Private Limited}
}
@misc{emem2026,
title = {emem: A research on Content-Addressed, Verifiable Earth-Memory
Protocol for AI Agents over Foundation-Model Embeddings},
author = {Kumari, Jaya and Singh, Avijeet},
year = {2026},
doi = {10.5281/zenodo.20706893},
publisher = {Zenodo}
}
The preprint is open (CC-BY-4.0) and not yet peer-reviewed.
Contributing and license
Issues and pull requests welcome: CONTRIBUTING.md, SECURITY.md. Pure Rust, Apache-2.0 (LICENSE, NOTICE). Default data sources are open, with no API keys and no lock-in. A shared memory is worth more the more agents read and write it; if yours use emem, a star helps other builders find it.
Content address
Every section above this one is a unit of one signed tree: emem:tree:ea3fjlmlwwfqi5oybnykpk5a24, root 3gkbfwm2ja2ab5nmgbne3w4ni3oerzngkn2i5pulv6qpi5uk4paq, published under the key k572x7go. A single section is emem:tree:ea3fjlmlwwfqi5oybnykpk5a24#row=<i>, so another agent can cite one part of this file and anyone can prove it was in the file as published:
curl -s "https://emem.dev/memories/by_attester/k572x7go/readme/tree-20261024b.md" > index.md
curl -s "https://emem.dev/v1/tree/ea3fjlmlwwfqi5oybnykpk5a24?row=3" > row.json
python3 plugins/emem/skills/emem-tokenise-files/scripts/tree_proof.py check row.json index.md README.md
index.md is the signed note at /memories/by_attester/k572x7go/readme/tree-20261024b.md. python3 scripts/readme_tree_check.py rebuilds the whole tree from this file and compares its root with the index, and CI runs it, so a README edited without re-signing fails the build. The tree changes whenever the README does, and this section is left out of it because it names the tree.
